Administrator Clintox - One

What is the widely accepted maximum dose of lidocaine used for tumescent liposuction? 55 mg/kg. While this maximum dose is widely accepted, there have been cases of local anesthetic toxicity in some patients. A pharmacokinetic study performed in health volunteers by Klein JA et al,…

Intentional or unintentional intake of pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA)-containing products, such as bush tea and the herbal medication,Tusanqi , can cause what uncommon disease of the liver? Hepatic veno-occlusive disease (HVOD), also known as hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS). HVOD can present with abdominal pain, jaundice,…

What factors might explain higher sensitivity of urine for detection of buprenorphine when compared to oral fluid? The detection window of buprenorphine is presumably longer in urine; the timing of drugs in oral fluid is similar to plasma and therefore less indicative of remote use….

Oral fluid (OF) is an attractive option for compliance monitoring during opioid agonist medication-assisted treatment (OA-MAT) because collections are observed and may be OF is less likely to be substituted and adulterated than urine. How does the sensitivity of oral fluid testing compare to that…

What symptoms are associated with severe clove oil (eugenol) overdose? Overdoses have been marked by acute onset of agitation, seizures, and coma. Liver injury arises 12 to 24 hours with marked elevations in serum aminotransferase levels and early coagulation abnormalities. Signs of hepatic failure arise…

To date, the mechanism by which tetrodotoxin (TTX) accumulates in the food chain is controversial. What are the most popular theories? The most popular theories suggest that TTXs are either produced by symbiotic bacteria (endogenous route), or that they are exogenously accumulated through the diet….

Pufferfish are the most notorious tetrodotoxin  (TTX) source. The presence of TTX has been reported in what other species? TTX was believed to exist exclusively in pufferfish, until the mid-1960s, when the eggs of the California newt Taricha torosa were discovered to contain TTX. Since…

Tetrodotoxin is found mainly in what organs of puffer fish species? Many pufferfish of the family Tetraodontidae possess a potent neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin (TTX). In general, the highest TTXs concentrations are found in the gonads, liver, and gastrointestinal tract, followed by muscle and skin. In marine…

What is the principal protoalkaloid constituent in Citrus aurantium (bitter orange)? p-Synephrine. The extract of the immature fruit or peel of Citrus aurantium and its principal protoalkaloidal constituent, p-synephrine, are used widely in weight management and weight loss as well as in sports performance products….